Hip Hop Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Hip Hop - Essay Example This paper gives a relationship between the aspects of written poetry and the hip-hop music lyrics. Just like normal English poems, the string of words used in the lyrics of a hip-hop genre has a pattern seen in the lines. Mos Def’s lyrics depict the same pattern depicted in poems. He uses rhyming words such as tomorrow, follow, there it is, and where it is, to build a rhyme in his rap. English poems use these feet to build strings in the flow of the poem. Poets bring together repetitions of similar strings of feet in composing the lines of a verse. Hip-hop uses rap and music to bring out the rhyming elements in the verse. Thus, poetry will rely greatly on the reader to discover the rhyme in the verses (Bradley 39). Poetry and hip-hop lyrics use language to present information above the literal meaning of what the writer conveys in the lyrics. In essence, both writings are rich in the use of symbolism. When Mos Def speaks of getting a rash on his lips from speaking the King’s English, he means something very different from what the words represent. The use of symbolism is an ancient art of poetry. Symbolism is the backbone of language and dictates a writer’s command of the language (Bradley 49). Apart from symbolism, alliteration, metaphors, and similes, are other uses of language in poetry. The art of comparison forms part of the major technique that hip-hop artist use in writing their lyrics. In his lyrics, Mos Def compares his success’ brightness to be so bright that everyone watching him will have to use squinted eyes to have a look at it. By this, he shows that no one is capable of reaching the heights that he has attained already. The use of language in poetry helps the reader build vivid descriptions as he reads along. In rap, it helps the listener to understand clearly the message that the rapper brings along (Bradley 55). Metaphors in poetry emphasize on the comparison aspects in a poem making a poem interesting.

Principles of accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Principles of accounting - Assignment Example Each journal entry must have a credit and debit of equal amount. There are different ledgers accounts used in an accounting system such as the cash, expense, account receivable, equity, accounts payable, sales, and depreciation account among others. Each account has a normal balance. If the normal account is a debit the account increases through debit and decreases by way of a credit. When the normal account is credit the account increases through a credit and decreases by a debit. The income statement is a very important financial statement that provides information regarding the profitability of a company during an accounting period. All financial statements are prepared at the end of the accounting cycle. There a certain journal entries that affect only the income statement. An example of a journal entry that affects the income statement is recording a cash sale. For instance if the business makes a sale and the customer pays by cash the corresponding journal entry is a debit to c ash and a credit to sales. Based on the assumption that the normal balance of cash is debit this transaction increases the cash account of the company because the firm received money. The balance sheet is another major financial statement that is regarded as a statement of position.

Lyndon Baines Johnson Essay Example for Free

Lyndon Baines Johnson Essay In President Lyndon B. Johnson’s State of the Union speech in January of 1964, â€Å"The War on Poverty† was declared. Johnson personally appointed Sergeant Shriver to assist him in assembling a committee of academic and civil rights activists. Shriver asked Johns Hopkins University pediatrician, Dr. Robert Cooke, to gather a committee of the best specialists in all fields relating to children (University of Michigan, n.d.). All members of the committee met in January of 1965 to discuss a program intended to assist children in overcoming obstacles or setbacks caused by poverty. The University of Michigan (n.d.) Web site reports that among the suggested names for the program were â€Å"Baby Corps† and â€Å"Kiddie Corps.† Many of the committee members felt that having â€Å"corps† in the title would help link the program to positive political activism. However, it was ultimately agreed that the name Head Start was most suitable. The name refers to the intended close in the achievement gap between lower class students and their middle class peers. The program’s design afforded these students from lower class communities the opportunity to get academically closer to the assessed levels of their future fellow classmates (University of Michigan, n.d.). A few months later, in May of 1965, President Johnson publicly announced Project Head Start in the White House Rose Garden. The same year, Head Start began as an eight-week summer program for children from low-income communities on schedule to be enrolled in public schools in the fall. In that summer, more than 560,000 children across the country were served. The program provided preschool classes, dental care, medical care, and mental health services (University of Michigan, n.d.). The rationale for the institution of the Head Start program, and more importantly, its federal funding, is based on several factors. Children from low-income families are associated with higher rates of academic failure and are at a greater risk for being held back in grade school (Bendersky Lewis, 1994). There is a higher incidence of teen pregnancy as well as poorer adult employment records among those raised in poverty (Lamb, Land, Meadows, Traylor, 2005). Teens that have become pregnant are more likely to drop out of school and once out of school they are forced into accepting lower paying jobs. In turn, they raise their children in poverty. Of children raised in low-income families, 36% attend college, while 88% of students from affluent homes do so (Howard, 2001). Consequently, the disadvantage in terms of wage earning power is perpetuated. There has also been a correlation shown between poverty and an increased likelihood of smoking and illegal drug use (Klerman, 1991). In order to combat the negative consequences of poverty upon a childs outcome and disrupt the cycle, it was hypothesized that intervention programs in early childhood would positively affect long-term development. In fact, research results have borne this out. A great deal has been learned from research regarding the knowledge and skills required for children to be academically successful. Among preschool-aged children, letter knowledge, vocabulary, and phonological awareness, in addition to emotional and social factors, have significant impact on later academic success. For instance, predictions of tenth grade students’ reading scores can be, and have been, made with relatively precise accuracy based on knowledge of fundamental concepts such as the alphabet in kindergarten. As a matter of social policy, ensuring that children are equipped with the basic skills proven necessary to begin school ready to learn is a national responsibility (White House Bush Administration, 2004). Eighty percent of states in the United States have developed initiatives aimed at preparing young children for kindergarten. These 40 states recognize that children from low-income communities typically enter school several steps behind their more privileged peers with regard to skill and basic knowledge. The difficulty is on not only the student, but also the school in compensating for this variance. According to the Head Start Policy Book Web site (White House Bush Administration, 2004) more than half of the children growing up in today’s society are not cared for solely by their biological parents. These various guardianship arrangements play a role in preparation and take a toll on a child’s willingness or ability to focus and be ready to learn the offered curriculum. In 2001, states were given an additional reason for development of high-quality programs geared toward preschoolers with the No Child Left Behind Act. The Act holds states responsible for making sure that math and reading are proficiencies for all children. Based on research related to the positive effects of quality preschool programs coupled with the accountability factor on states for student performance, states should want to take control of delivering Head Start programs to provide a preschool experience that readies children for entering kindergarten (White House Bush Administration, 2004). Head Start’s comprehensive program includes activities intended to promote emotional, cognitive, and social development of children, in addition to providing health services for impoverished children. Taking into account studies on quality preschool programs discussed, seven presidents to date have felt that emphasis on early learning, and education as a top priority is the best method for preparing children for success in the long-term. Research shows that successful acquisition of specific language, reading, and social skills early on in a child’s development predicts future success not only in school, but also in life. This success in and out of the classroom has both a direct and indirect impact on the country as a whole. According to the Head Start Policy Book Web site, â€Å"Head Start sites that have implemented carefully designed programs that focus on school readiness have shown significant gains for children† (White House Bush Administration, 2004). The Strengths Framework has been utilized in composing this document. The first component of this framework states, â€Å"Social policies are societal responses to social problems.† Head Start is a policy that was designed as a direct response to poverty, which is one of America’s historically greatest social problems. In order for the policy to remain continuously successful for another 44 years, politicians must not lose sight of the positive impact that a high quality education has on children as they develop and ideally become productive members of society. Two of the most noted studies on early childhood intervention include the Abecedarian project, which began in 1972 and continued to monitor results for over 21 years, and the Perry Preschool study, which began in 1962 and concluded 27 years later. The findings of the Abecedarian project (Campbell, Ramey, Pungello, Sparling, Miller-Johnson, 2002) included higher cognitive test scores, higher scores for reading and arithmetic, a greater likelihood of attending a four-year college, and a lesser likelihood of becoming a teen parent or using marijuana, for those who participated in the program. Recounting the results of the Perry Preschool program, as a member of the research team, Dr. Lawrence Schweinhart (2002) reported that 7% of adult participants had been arrested five or more times compared with 35% of those who had not participated and 7% of participants had ever been arrested for a drug-related offense compared to 25% of non-participants. Participants were four times more likely to earn $2000 or more per month, almost 3 times as many own their own homes, and twice as many own a second car. Seventy-one percent of participants either graduated high school or received a GED compared to 54% of non-participants. When taking into account the results of higher earnings and income tax revenue, decreased utilization of special education and welfare services, and savings resulting from crime reduction, the study found that every public dollar spent on the program saved $7.16 in tax dollars. Early childhood is identified as the period between birth and age five. This period is a critical time as a child develops emotionally, physically, socially, and cognitively in a way that will affect the rest of his or her life. The pre-school learning is vital to success from kindergarten on into college (White House Bush Administration, 2004). Therefore, the overall goal of Head Start is to influence the level of social competence positively in children from families considered to be living at or below the poverty line. For the purpose of this paper, social competence refers to the child’s effectiveness in dealing with not only his or her current environment, but more about future responsibilities. The interrelatedness of intellectual and cognitive development, mental and physical health, and nutritional requirements are among the most important factors taken into account with social competence (City of Phoenix Human Services Department, 2008). In the 1998 Reauthorization of Head Start, Congress concentrated on perpetuation of the ideals that school readiness has a tremendous influence on the future of the nation. This was based, in part, on current research showing that improving the educational components of preschool programs is the best predictor of childrens future success in school. According to the White House Bush Administration (2004), â€Å"Congress set specific educational goals, including a requirement that at least fifty percent of Head Start teachers have an Associate degree or beyond by 2003, and required prioritized inclusion of reading and math readiness skills in Head Start curricula.† The Head Start program was created to provide comprehensive services to preschool children of low-income families. Included in these services are health services such as frequent medical screening, immunizations, nutritional assistance, and dental care. The services mostly associated with the Head Start program are cognitive development, school readiness, social skills training and enhancement, and mental health services. In addition, parents are given the opportunity to take part in the decision-making process as to the care of their children and as such, the program fosters parental involvement enhancing community cohesion. Additional support services for the families of Head Start participants are also provided. Originally, these services were only available to children between the ages of three and five. In 1994, Head Start was expanded to provide these services for infants and toddlers as well with the program extension of Early Head Start. The program also provides services to children with disabilities and their families. Head Start development programs are intended for low-income families. Family income is one of the primary factors in determining entitlement. The federal poverty guidelines, which are updated annually, are used to evaluate a family’s income. In addition, Early Head Start and Head Start programs must make at least 10% of their enrollment opportunities available to children with disabilities. A family is eligible for Head Start and Early Head Start services if it is able to meet the income guidelines and also one or more of the following: You have children from 6 weeks through 5 years, or You are pregnant, or You have children with special needs with an Individual Education Plan (IEP), or Individual Family Services Plan (IFSP), or You have foster children with high risk factors, or You are a parent with a disability and/or possessing disabling conditions. (Source: Parents in Community Action, Inc., 2009) Additionally, recent changes to entitlement eligibility under 37 U.S.C. 402a (g) allow children and spouses of members of the armed forces who receive supplemental subsistence allowance to withhold that income when being considered for Head Start services. The official verbiage states that any person â€Å"who, except on account of such allowance, would be eligible to receive a service provided under the Head Start Act, shall be considered eligible for such benefits notwithstanding the receipt of the allowance. The subsistence allowance would therefore not be counted in determining eligibility for programs authorized by the Head Start Act (Administration for Children Families, 2009). Grants are awarded by the federal government to local private and public agencies for the sole purpose of implementing Head Start programs to provide comprehensive child betterment and development services to families and children within their communities. Head Start was primarily enacted as a means of helping children, but it does provide services to low-income families as well in order to indirectly provide positive support to the child’s care system in the home. The mission of Head Start is to â€Å"promote school readiness to enable each child to develop to his or her fullest potential† (White House Bush Administration, 2004). As of 2004, more than 900,000 children annually had been reported as taking advantage of the services offered. These services included comprehensive health services, dental and physical exams, immunizations, and nutritional services, in addition to the education-related services. However, only 20% of the 900,000 children served in 2004 were enrolled in programs that provided full-day/full-year services for children of working families. In the fiscal year 2004, President Bush, according to the White House Bush Administration (2004) requested $6.8 billion in Head Start Program funding, which was an increase of more than $148 million over 2003. Beyond Head Start, federal legislation has created several other preschool programs aimed primarily at improving upon the academic growth of children considered poor and/or disabled. These include: Title I preschool program, which is intended to help prepare children for school in high poverty communities Early Head Start to promote healthy prenatal care for pregnant mothers and to enhance the development of infants and children under age 3 Special Education Preschool Grants, State Grants program, and the Special Education Grants for Infants and Families program, which between them provide funds for states to build early education programs for children with disabilities between birth and age 5. In addition to the preschool programs that have a primarily educational focus, the federal government provides states with $4.8 billion through the Child Care and Development Block Grant in order to pay for childcare programs. States have also used as much as $4 billion annually from the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) block grant program to pay for childcare that serves working poor and low-income mothers (White House Bush Administration, 2004).

Al Qaeda Counterculture

Al Qaeda Counterculture Timothy Murray A counterculture is a subculture that rejects the major values of the large society replaces them with a new set of cultural patterns (Thomas). Al Qaeda is an extremist group that believed in killing civilians to fill sacrificial religious reasons to their God. Al Qaeda is considered a counterculture because the views they have on life do not fit the norms that many other societies share. In other words, they reject the views of the common society and think that they are superior to all. Al Qaedas views on man-made law or what are commonly known as just laws, are they need to be replaced with Sharia laws which are much more strict. The term Al Qaeda can be translated into common English as the base (The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica). Al Qaeda was founded by Osama bin Laden and Abdullah Azzam in 1988. The members of Al Qaeda strongly believe that a Christian-Jewish conspiracy is trying be the demise of Islam. In the early 1990s Al Qaeda operated out of the country of Yemen (Hull). They have come forward and claimed responsibility for the 1998 U.S Embassy bombings, the September 11th attacks on the world trade center, the 2002 Bali bombings and many others. In May of 2011 the leader of Al Qaeda, Osama bin Laden was assassinated by U.S militant forces after finding him hiding out in a secure compound (The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica). Al Qaeda has also been found in plotting to assassinate many of the worlds leaders and bombing many of the worlds most well-known locations just to try and affect the lives of thousands. The sociological perspective can be defined as viewing of the behavior of groups in a systematic way and sociological imagination is the ability to see the connection between the larger world and our personal lives (Thomas R18). A good example of how Al Qaeda demonstrated the sociological perspective is how well they planned and acted out the attacks on the World Trade Centers in New York City on September 11th, 2001. Members of Al Qaeda were training on how to fly our commercial airlines and had a very detailed list of all the actions they needed to do in order to successfully act out the attack. The way the government went through and viewed everything after this event was painstaking because they had to go through and put an explanation on everything they came across. The sociological imagination is demonstrated by thinking about how Al Qaeda has effected thousands of lives after the 9/11 attacks. When you dig down deep and think about the way the view life, in their eyes maybe we are the counterculture. By looking at Al Qaeda through a sociological imagination you can see how many may say that they will not be affected by Al Qaeda but in all reality it may not affect them it may affect their children or their grandchildren. Ethnocentrism is the tendency to view ones own culture and group as superior to all other cultures and groups (Thomas R12). The larger society views Al Qaeda as a counterculture because to them they are an extremist group that murders innocent people and themselves as a sacrifice to their God. When Al Qaeda attacked the United States on September 11th in many psychologists and sociologists viewed this as an act of ethnocentrism because they think that they are far superior than we were. The way that the United States has gone about trying to resolve the issues behind that attacks makes it seem as though we think that we are far superior than any other country or culture. Cultural relativism is the believe that a culture should be judged by their own standards (Thomas R11). By understanding why Al Qaeda militants act out their attacks and why they may become a suicide bomber you will find that thy believe that in the eyes of their God they are doing the right thing to get to the next level of power and respect. In 1994 Al Qaeda plotted to assassinate Pope John Paul II during a trip to Manila (Global Security Editors). By knowing that Al Qaeda believes that a Christian-Jewish will be the demise of Islam, it make sense as to why they would want to assassinate the Pope that being that they believe the Christian-Jewish views will be the demise of Islam. In my own opinion I do not agree with Al Qaedas philosophy. I do not agree with their philosophy because I feel as though they are too extreme in the way that they combat their opposing views. There are so many other ways that you can go about things rather than simply trying to kill someone or trying to blow things up simply because they do not share the same views that you do. Someone on the cultural relativism side of an argument would say that you cannot judge simply because you do not understand their views; where someone arguing ethnocentrism would say that it does not matter their views they should not be killing themselves to show their God they are worthy and their religion is far superior then any other. You need to look at Al Qaeda through a sociological imagination because you will see how they connect the larger world to your own life. To view Al Qaeda in a systematic way you would be using the sociological perspective which is used in many of Al Qaedas attacks. References Global Security Editors. Globalsecurity.org. 2 March 2017. Webpage. 10 March 2017. Hull, Edmund J. Al Qaedas Shadowland. New York: The New York Times, 2010. Newspaper. The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. Al Qaeda . Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Inc, 2016. Thomas, W. LaVerne. Sociology- The Study of Human Relationships. Austin : Holt, Rinehart, Winston , 2003. 39. Textbook .

Analysis of the Paul Cronan Case Essay -- Legal Analysis Discriminatio

Analysis of the Paul Cronan Case I. Legal Analysis, Issue 1 Issue: Does party bringing suit (Plaintiff – Paul Cronan) qualify under the ADA for disability? Rule: In Review of ADA and the principles set forth at that time, there are several relevancies to consider here. A disability is described as follows: â€Å"For purposes of nondiscrimination laws (e.g. the Americans with Disabilities Act, Section 503 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and Section 188 of the Workforce Investment Act), a person with a disability is generally defined as someone who (1) has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more "major life activities," (2) has a record of such an impairment, or (3) is regarded as having such an impairment. Have a severe disability (or combination of disabilities) that has lasted, or is expected to last, at least 12 months or result in death, and which prevents working at a "substantial gainful activity" level. State vocational rehabilitation (VR) offices will find a person with a disability to be eligible for VR services if he or she has a physical or mental impairment that constitutes or results in a "substantial impediment" to employment for the applicant. Some of these definitions include words or phrases that have been the subject of lawsuits, as individuals, agencies, and courts try to clarify the terms used in some of these definitions of disability. If you want to find out if a particular disability or condition gives you certain rights, contact the federal or state agency To be found disabled for purposes of Social Security disability benefits, individuals must that enforces the law in question. If you want to find out if you qualify for a particular program or service, contact the federal or state agency that administers the program to find out the specifics of the disability definition they use.† This information is readily available on the World Wide Web at the following l ink: http://www.dol.gov/odep/faqs/federal.htm Analysis: Does the disease of AIDS/ARC/HIV qualify as a disabling condition under the ADA requirements? Is this disease and the effects it has on capacity for life activities a disability? Yes, now, since 1998, when the U.S. Supreme Court decided the case of Bragdon v. Abbott, the disease of HIV/AIDS does indeed qualify as a disability. However, this is legislation to late for Paul Cr... ...he hostile environment that was occurring was in direct relation to the violated privacy of Mr. Cronan. NET internal management it is believed could see for itself the exact nature of the harassment and fear problem. NET failed to recognize or react to either situation. It is imperative to understand that NET was liable for its employees but the employees, as individuals were also liable for their actions. NET lacked the system controls necessary to keep the company liability to a minimum on this issue. Usually with failures such as these, the system internal controls are this company is lacking the most. Ethical behavior among management is key to ethical behavior among employees. Overall Conclusions: After review of the legal and ethical implications associated with the Paul Cronan Case, we need to understand that the laws in place today to protect someone in Mr. Cronan’s situation were not in place at the time of incident. AIDS/HIV were not considered a disability until many years after this occurred. The Company NET did indeed violate the employee’s rights. NET compromised Mr. Cronan, both ethically and legally. Mr. Cronan was within his rights to file suit against NET.

A Comparative Analysis of television channels FIVE and BBC Essay

Television is a powerful media source, bringing stories to billions across the globe. It has been called â€Å"the most awesome God-less force in the modern world† and it is now seen as a major part of everyday life. The average person spends 4 hours a day watching TV – becoming roughly 1/3 of a person’s typical waking hours. Television is a constructed view of reality, sometimes exaggerated extremely, solely to create entertainment. In the UK, there are five major terrestrial television channels, (four organisations) with some being vastly more successful than others. The BBC is the only organisation not to make money from advertising. Their money is generated from the TV Licence fee, and this type of broadcasting is known as Public Service Broadcasting. Channel 5 is perhaps seen as the least successful of the five TV channels, possibly due to the fact that it is the youngest. The channel began in 1995, but it was not able to broadcast nationally as many of the population’s televisions could not receive it. The company offered to retune every TV that couldn’t receive it, before the big launch in 1997. A long advertising campaign was launched, known as â€Å"Give Me Five† in an attempt to draw in viewers. On the 30th March, 1997, Channel 5 was launched at 6pm, attracting an audience of 2. 4 million people, a figure higher than the launch of Channel 4, fifteen years earlier. This new channel neither had the money or reputation to buy and broadcast potentially successful material. Perhaps getting off to a bad start, the main schedule consisted of home and cookery programmes, cheap US exports, and late night pornography. However, Channel 5 did receive praise for its news programming, and soon the ratings became consistently acceptable. The channel gained more money, and was soon able to buy better quality shows, such as Home & Away. In 2002, Channel 5 underwent a major image modification. The name changed from Channel 5 to simply, Five, and progressed itself as a serious rival to the other 4 channels. However, the channel has not been without its flaws. For example, Friends spin-off series, Joey, was bought by Five in 2005. Despite a high-profile launch and ad campaign, the program received poor ratings and was eventually cancelled. Similarly, other shows such as Robot Wars and CD:UK proved to be a flop for the channel. These unsuccessful shows have seemingly increased the channel’s poor reputation. In the channel’s first year of broadcasting, five receives its lowest audience shares of 2. 3%, but this can be expected from a debuting channel. Fifteen years earlier, Channel 4 received even lower audience shares on its opening night, although it could be argued that people watched less television in the 1980s. The audience shares increased, and peaked in 2004. The channel has the lowest audience share of the terrestrial channels, but, in its defence, Five is not received in all of the UK’s homes. Like all of the other terrestrial channels, Five now has â€Å"sister† channels, Five US and Five Life. These two channels are both somewhat successful, but other â€Å"sister† channels, such as ITV2, E4 and BBC Three are proving to be more viewed. Nowadays, Five is able to branch out and buy successful US shows such as Prison Break and House, as well as buying programmes from other channels – in 2008, Five bought Neighbours from the BBC. The BBC was established in the early 1920s, but it was not until 1936 that the channel began its regular television broadcasting as a public service TV channel. However, it was further suspended after WWII began, until 1946 when the permanent service was established. The BBC’s mission was to â€Å"inform, educate and entertain† and is still taken into account today. The BBC broadcasts a wide variety of programmes on both of its channels, BBC1 and BBC2. The BBC’s major programme is EastEnders, the popular primetime soap. On a weekly basis, the soap receives the highest rating of all terrestrial shows, with only the ITV1 soap, Coronation Street, (and occasionally reality shows such as The X Factor and Dancing On Ice) playing as its rival. Other BBC shows, such as Top Gear, Doctor Who and Little Britain have all been a success throughout the last decade, further improving the channels ratings and reputation. In an attempt to branch out and widen its audience, the BBC has recently made some unlikely purchases. In 2007, the channel brought the successful US show Heroes to BBC2. The show quickly became a phenomenon, and is different from what would usually be broadcast on BBC2. The BBC continues to dominate terrestrial TV, by finding ways to bring in more viewers. The programmes vary from food, to lifestyle, to documentary, to political. The BBC is now contending with ITV in the reality market, as it now features shows looking for new west-end stars, and the ever popular series, Strictly Come Dancing. BBC1 receives the highest audience share of the 5 channels, with an average of 26%. It is seen as the â€Å"main† channel, and regularly receives high ratings. This major organisation has the money to do whatever it pleases, and this has shown over the last decade. The BBC now has 8 channels – BBC1, BBC2, BBC Three, BBC Four, BBC News 24, BBC Parliament, CBBC and CBeebies. These 8 channels prove to cater for everyone. BBC Three is the most popular of the sister channels, frequently receiving new material such as Lily Allen and Friends and Gavin & Stacey. The channel is a â€Å"lighter† version of BBC1, with a more comedic element. The BBC now broadcasts internationally. A new channel, BBC America, was launched in 1998, and has carried programming from the BBC to the USA, such as Torchwood and The Graham Norton Show. BBC America is part of two international channels, the other being BBC World. A recent feature of the BBC, BBC iPlayer, has recently been introduced. It has become an on-demand online video player, with unlimited access to BBC shows. The iPlayer is proving extremely popular, with more than 3. 5 million programmes downloaded in its opening week. However, despite the BBC being a major empire, the company relies on the licence fee. It is the only channel not to rely on income through advertising. The core belief of public service television is that it is free from the pressures of commercial TV, and, as its income is guaranteed, public service TV is freer to explore. But this does not mean it can become complacent. High audience shares are still needed because, if they were to fall, the licence fee would be in serious jeopardy. For years, there has been a debate as to whether public service broadcasting should continue. Naturally, the BBC wishes for it to continue, whereas others disagree. The BBC has very little to do to secure its funding, whereas the commercial companies have to work to get their income. The opponents of public service television argue that it is simply another form of taxation. With the arrival and expansion of satellite and cable, some people have no interest in the public service channels. For the BBC, public service broadcasting means that certain pressures are put upon them, but their income is fixed. The BBC could be said to have better quality shows due to them receiving â€Å"easy† money, and it also means that their programmes can be longer, due to the fact that they don’t have to make time for advertising. However, for Channel 5, public service television means that there are no pressures. The channel can show what they want (within reason) but their income is variable. Unsurprisingly, the commercial channels are against the licence fee, as it seems unfair. It seems as if the media are in constant debate over whether the licence fee should continue, as many people pay considerable sums for services in which they have no interest in.

Hygiene and Young People

‘Your health, safety and welfare are protected by law.’ Everyone working with children and young people must be aware of their legal obligation in relation to keep children safe and healthy. (Source: Health & Safety Executive, 1999)Health and safety legislation at work Act 1974:Setting with five or more employees must have a written safety policy which must include specific procedure to cover emergencies such as accidents and events that require evacuation of the building (Fire event) Setting with five or more employees must carry out a risk assessment Employees must provide for health and safetyDisplay a health and safety laws poster or supply employees with a booklet Make your work place as safe as possibleDecide how to manage health and safety if the business has five or more employees COSHH (Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002): The employers are required to ensure all dangerous materials, cleaning material, medicines are kept separately in a m arked, locked cupboard. RIDDOR (Reporting injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995): This means all setting must provide an accident report book. Any injury that requires a member of staff to take more than three days off work must also be reported. Food safety (General Food Hygiene) Regulations 1995:The setting which prepare or provide food for children must register with the Environmental Health Department of the local authority. The people who have handling food should undertake the Basic Food Hygiene Certificate. Food handling Regulations 1995Washing hands before preparing foodMaking sure the surfaces and utensils you use are clean and hygieneFood is  stored safety at the correct temperatureDisposing of waste hygienicallyUse of chopping boards, separate sinksPolicies and Procedure:Children and young people will always take a risk from running, playing but all children and young people have right to play to develop their skills and new experience. There are policies and procedure to protect and reduce risk that will happen to children and young people. Every child care setting will have policy documents which cover SafetyHealth and Hygiene Safety at arrival/departure times and on outings Prevention of illness and first aid Fire prevention Staffing ratios and supervision Risk Assessments Policy.A large number of everyday things that may appear harmless or go unnoticed but could be dangerous A range of areas from the condition of toys and equipment to hygiene and cleanliness to access to children by members of the public Must be suitable, sufficient and reasonably practicalAccording to legislation, policy and procedure as showing above, in my setting (school placement) they are implemented by the school has a fire exit at the front door. There are several risk assessments for several areas in school. At the front door, there is a registered book for staffs and visitors to sign time in and out and purpose of visiting. After lunch time, f ood area has been clean and tidy up all tables and chairs to keep children safe. All toys have been kept in place and safe, study resource and materials are kept in cupboard. There are sinks in classrooms for washing hands.2. Describe how health and safety is monitored and maintain in the setting. Health and safety is monitored and maintain in the setting by: Visitors register book, record time in/out, purpose and who they want to meet Teacher  and all member of Staffs register book, teacher and all members record time in/out Pupils register book, checking pupils in class, morning and afternoon Lunch time staff, monitor pupils at food areaTeacher/member of staff at the school gate, morning and after school Teacher/member of staff at the playground and play area every break times3. Describe how people in the setting are made aware of risks and hazards and encouraged to work safely. In the setting, teacher and all members of staff, volunteer must be made aware of risks and hazards a nd encouraged which is in school health and safety policy. The school role and Staff handbook are written by head teacher in the setting, staff handbook is held by teacher each class.Risks on internet in the setting is controlled by teacher, if pupils in class access on Facebook, YouTube and etc. websites that may be harm to pupils, teacher able to switch off computer immediately from teacher’s desk. To protect bullying, there is anti-bullying poster throughout school, poster show how to protect and prevent risks on internet includes the children help line number.Fire is the most frighten pupils and may harm their life, the setting made aware of this risk assessment, pupils can follow fire instruction poster which is throughout school when fire alarm appear. In this situation, teacher will lead pupils to fire exit door which is located at every classroom to school yard and line up at the meeting point. Pupils must be registered by their teacher at the meeting point.The meetin g among Head teacher, member of staff and parents after school time will be made 2-3 times a year, the meeting will be discussed how to solve problem and sharing information between school and parents.4. Identify the lines of responsibility and reporting for health and safety within the setting. Head Teacher is in charge for accident events, Food Hygiene and Head Teacher’s secretary ensure a risk assessment has been following by staffs who work in the school. By the way all staffs who work in the school have been trained to keep children safe and reduce harm in the  school.